Plant Index

Nomenclature is always a struggle; there persists at least three in botanical works. I have included some of the variations by adding synonymous (syn) names as best I could. Common names are by far the worst often the same will refer to more than one distinctly unrelated species. Where it occurs in this cross-reference I have marked the species used in the story with an *. There are quite a few species believed to be native to the British Isles that were actually introduced. I have included a list of plants that fall into this category that would otherwise seem mistakenly absent from Ancestral Airs. The following genera are frequently inter-changeable from reference to reference: satureja > calamintha > savory (common name) chrysanthemum > tanacetum calamintha > clinopodium > acinos endymion > scilla > hyacinthoides > squill (common) erigeron > conyza Although not relevant to this book there remains confusion with regard to several important Southwest species: Sagebrush = artemisia tridentata > seriphidium tridentatum Further white sage is salvia apiana. The white sage usually tied up in bundles commercially is actually artemisia ludoviciana or a similar relative. I'd rather not get started on "cedar" except to say that the commonly referred to "cedar" as ceremonial smudge is juniperus (juniper). Cedar comes from the Middle East and the Mediterranean. There are a number of divination systems based on trees. Please note there are only three evergreens native to the British Isles: Pinus sylvestris (Scot's pine) Juniperus communis (juniper) Taxus (yew) Along the same lines the following species are not native to Ireland and would not be included in divination systems from there: Viscum (mistletoe) Tilia (lime/linden) Fraxinus (ash) Potentially relevant to the oak-mistletoe it needs to be remembered that mistletoe grows primarily on malus (apple), tilia (lime/linden), fraxinus (ash) and crataegus (hawthorn). Mistletoe only rarely grows on oak. Domestic apples (malus pumila > malus domestica) such as winesap, granny smith, etc. are not native to the British Isles. However malus sylvestris (crabapple) is. Therefore this is the species used in Ancestral Airs. My last anecdote is worthy of mention although it is not relevant to this work. The word "corn" has a long evolution through the Indo-European and German languages and means roughly "grain". "Corn" as in "corn on the cob" is zea mays (maize) an American native. It wasn't introduced to Europe until the 16th century. In old European herbals and translations the word "corn" is used in reference to grain such as wheat, oat, barley or rye but is definitely not "corn" > zea mays (maize). I am mentioning this because I have watched handlers trying to enact European ceremonies using maize because of their misunderstanding of the word "corn". No attempt has been made to identify poisons in these botanical listings. I can not emphasize enough that first "poison" can mean anything from nausea or mind-altering to absolutely and irretrievably deadly. No system for determining degree exists to my knowledge beyond vague and often undependable references. Again this list is provided for informational purposes only. SPECIES AND GENERA INTRODUCED TO THE BRITISH ISLES Acanthus mollis (bear's breeches) Acorus calamus (calamus) Ammi majus (bishop's weed) Anethum graveolens (dill) Angelica Archangel (angelica) Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) Aristolochia (birthwort) Arnica montana (arnica) Asarum europaea (asarabacca) Borago officinalis (borage) Cheiranthus cheiri (wall flower) Coriandrum (coriander) Cyclamen (cyclamen) Dictamnus (fraxinella > dittany > gas plant) Hesperis (rocket) Hyssopsus (hyssop) Isatis tinctoria (woad) Juglans (walnut) Laurus nobilis (bay) Lavandula (lavender) Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort) Mespilus germanica (medlar) Ocimum (basil) Pimpinella anisum (anise) Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) Ruta graveolens (rue) Satureja (savory) Tamarix gallica (tamarisk) Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) CROSS-REFERENCE COMMON TO BOTANICAL NAMES AND ANECDOTES Acinos thymoides = syn. calamintha acinos & satureja acinos Aconite = aconitum Agaric, fly = amanita Agrimony = agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony, hemp = eupatorium cannabium Alder = alnus Alexander's = smyrnium olusatrum Alfalfa = medicago sativa Algae = laminaria, hedophyllum, trentopohlia or rhodymenia Algae (carragheen) = chondrus crispa Algae, tubular green = enteromorpha Alkanet = anchusa officinalis Alkaligrass = puccinella Allseed = radiola Anemone, wood = anemone nemorosa Angelica, wild = angelica sylvestris Apple = malus sylvestris Argemony = papaver argemone Arrowhead = sagittaria sagittifolia Arrowgrass = triglochin Ash = fraxinus excelsior Ash, mountain = sorbus aucuparia Ashweed = aegopodium Aspen = populus tremula Asperula odorata = galium odorata Asphodel, false = tofieldia pusilla Asphodel, bog = narthecium assifragum Asparagus = asparagus officinalis Asparagus, bath = ornithogalum Aster = aster (Not to be confused with Chinese aster: callistephus chinensis) Avens, mountain = dryas octopetala Avens, water = geum rivale Avens, wood = geum urbanum Balm = melissa officinalis (also lemon balm) Balsam, wild = impatiens Baneberry = actaea spicata Bairnwort = bellis perennis Barley = hordeum murinum Beadberry = maianthemum Bearberry = arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bear's foot = alchemilla vulgaris Bear's throat = carduus Bearwind = convolvulus arvensis Bedstraw = gallium Beech = fagus sylvatica Beech fern, long = phegopteris or thelypteris Bee's Nest = daucus carota Beet or Sea Beet = beta vulgaris syn. beta maritima Bellflower = campanula Bent grass = agrostis Betony = stachys officinalis Bilberry = vaccinium uliginosum Bindweed = convolvulus arvensis Bindweed, hedge = calystegia Birch = betula Bird's foot trefoil = lotus (not to be confused with the Aquatic genera nelumbo) Bird's milk flower = ornithogalum Bird's nest = daucus carota Bird's nest, yellow = monotropa Bistort = polygonum bistorta Bitteroot = gentiana Bittersweet = solanum dulcamara Bittervetch = lathyrus Blackberry = rubus laciniatus syn. r. fruticosus Black potherb = smyrnium olusatrum Blackthorn = prunus spinosa Blackwort = symphytum officinale Bladder fern = cystopteris Bladder pod = lobelia Bladderwrack = fucus Blite, sea = suaeda Bloodwort = rumex sanguisorba *Bloodwort, burnet = sanguisorba officinalis *Bluebell = endymion non-scriptus syn. scilla non-scriptus & hyacinthoides non-scriptus Bluebell = muscari atlanticum Bluebell, English = endymion non-scriptus Bluebow = centaurea cyanus Blue eyed grass = sisyrinchium Blue joint = calamagrostis Blue rocket = aconitum Blue spike = muscari atlanticum Boar's bean = hyoscyamus niger Boar's fennel = peucedanum officinale Boar's throat = carlina acaulis syn. carlina vulgaris & cirsium acaulon Boarweed = heracleum sphondylium Bog bean = menyanthes trifoliata Bog myrtle = myrica gale Boghorn = petasites Bog rosemary = andromeda Boneset = symphytum officinale (not to be confused with the American species eupatorium perfoliatum) Box = buxus sempervirens Bramble = rubus fruticosus Bramble, rock = rubus saxatilis Briar, sweet = rosa eglanteria Brittlestem = galeopsis Broccoli = brassica oleracea Brome = bromus Brome grass = bromus Broom = sarothamnus scoparius Broom, butcher's = ruscus aculeatus Broomrape = orobanche Broom, Scot's or scotch = cytisus scoparius syn. sarothamnus scoparius & genista scoparia Broom, Spanish = spartium junceum Broom, sweet = ruscus aculeatus Bruisewort = symphytum officinale *Bruisewort = bellis perennis Brussels sprouts = brassica oleracea Buckbean = menyanthes trifoliate Buckthorn = rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn, alder = rhamnus frangula Buckthorn, sea = hippophae rhamnoides Bugle = ajuga reptans Bugloss = anchusa officinalis Bugloss, viper's = echium Bull's foot = tussilago farfara Bullweed = centaurea scabiosa Bullwort = aegopodium Burdock, great = arctium lappa Bur marigold = bidens Burnet = poterium sanguisorba Burnet, fodder = poterium polygamum Burnet, garden = poterium sanguisorba Burnet, great = sanguisorba officinalis Burnet, greater = pimpinella major Burnet, salad = poterium sanguisorba syn. sanguisorba minor Bur reed = sparganium Butterbur = petasites Buttercup, meadow = ranunculus acris Butterwort = pinguicula vulgaris Buttonwort = pinguicula vulgaris Cabbage = brassica oleracea *Calamint = acinos Calamint = calamintha sylvatica Calamint = calamintha grandiflora = syn. satureja grandiflora Calamint = calamintha nepeta syn. clinopodium nepeta & satureja calamintha Campion = silene Campion = agrostemma githago Candytuft, wild = iberis amara Caper spurge = euphorbia lathyrus Caraway, whorled = carum carvi Carragheen = chondrus Catchfly = lychnis Catmint = nepeta cataria Catnip = nepeta cataria Cat's foot = antennaria dioica Cat's tail = phleum Cattail = typha Cat thyme = teucrium chamaedrys Cauliflower = brassica oleracea Celandine, greater = chelidonium majus Celery = apium graveolens Celery, wild = apium graveolens Centary, common = centaurium erythraea Chaffweed = anagallis Chamomile, corn = anthemis arvensis Chamomile, German = matricaria recutita Chamomile, Roman = chamaemelum nobile Chamomile, stinking = anthemis cotula Chard = beta vulgaris Charity = polemonium caeruleum Cherry, bird = prunus padus Cherry, wild = prunus avium Chervil, rough = chaerophyllum Chervil, wild = anthriscus cerefolium Chess = bromus Chicory = cichorium intybus Chickweed = stellaria Chickweed, wintergreen = trientalis Chives = allium schoenoprasum Chives, garlic or Chinese = allium tuberosum Cicely, sweet = myrrhis odorata Cinquefoil = potentilla Clary, meadow = salvia pratensis Clary, whorled = salvia verticillata Clary, wild = salvia viridis syn. s. horminum Cliff fern = woodsia Clinopodium nepeta = syn. calmintha nepeta Clinopodium vulgare = syn. calamintha clinopodium & calamintha vulgaris Cloudberry = rubus chamaemorus Clover, holy = onobrychis viciifolia Clover, red = trifolium pratense Clover, sweet = melilotus Clover, white = trifolium repens Cock's foot = dactylis Cole = brassica Columbine = aquilegia vulgaris Comfrey = symphytum officinale Coralroot (orchid) = corallorhiza trifida Cord grass = spartina townsendii Corn cockle = agrostemma githago Cornflower = centaurea cyanus Cotton grass = eriophorum Couch grass = agropyron Cowbane = cicuta virosa Cowberry = vaccinium vitis-idaea Cow parsley = anthriscus sylvestris Cowslip = primula veris Cow wheat = melampyrum Crabapple = malus sylvestris Cranberry = vaccinium oxycoccus Crane's bill = geranium Cress, bitter = cardamine Cress, garden = lepidium sativum Cress, penny = thlaspi arvense Cress, upland = barberea verna Cress, yellow = rorippa Cress, water = nasturtium officinale syn. rorippa Crested Dog's tail = cynosurus cristatus Crowberry = empetrum Cuckoo pint = arum maculatum Cudweed = gnaphalium Currant = ribes Cymbalaria muralis = syn. linaria cymbalaria Daisy, English = bellis perennis Daisy, ox eye = chrysanthemum leucanthemum Dandelion = taraxacum officinale Deer fern = blechnum spicant Deer grass = scirpus Deer vetch = lotus Devil's bit = succisa pratensis Dewberry = rubus dumetorum Dock = rumex Dodder = cuscuta Dogberry = cornus sanguinea syn. thelycrania sanguinea Dog mint = acinos Dog rose = Rosa canina Dog's cole = mercurialis Dog's grass = agropyron Dogweed, mad = alisma Dogwood = cornus sanguinea syn. thelycrania sanguinea Driftweed = fucus Dropwort = filipendula vulgaris Dropwort, water = oenanthe Duckweed = lemna Dwayberry = atropa belladonna Dyer's bugloss = anchusa officinalis Dyer's greenwood = genista tinctoria Dyer's rocket = reseda luteola Earth-smoke = fumaria officinalis Eelgrass = zostera Einkorn = triticum monococcum Elder = sambucus nigra Elder, ground = aegopodium Elecampane = inula helenium Elm = ulmus Endymion non-scriptus = syn. scilla non-scriptus & hyacinthoides non-scriptus Eyebright = euphrasia Featherfew = chrysanthemum parthenium syn. tanacetum parthenium Featherfoil = hottonia palustris Featherfoil = chrysanthemum parthenium syn. tanacetum parthenium Female fern = asplenium Fennel, boar's = peucedanum officinale Fennel, bronze = foeniculum vulgare Fennel, sea = crithmum maritimum Fennel, sweet = foeniculum vulgare Fern, bladder =cystopteris Fern, bracken = pteridium aquilinum Fern, cliff = woodsia Fern, deer = blechnum Fern, feather = matteuccia Fern, female = asplenium Fern, lady's = athyrium Fern, licorice = polypodium glycyrrhiza Fern, long beech = phegopteris Fern, maiden = thelypteris Fern, male = dryopteris filix-mas Fern, oak = gymnocarpium dryopteris Fern, plume = matteuccia Fern, resurrection = pleopeltis Fern, sensitive = onoclea Fern, shield = polystichum Fern, walking = asplenium Fescue = festuca Fescue, six weeks = vulpia Feverfew = chrysanthemum parthenium syn. tanacetum parthenium Feverwort = centaurium Fiddlewood = scrophularia nodosa Fiddlewort = scrophularia nodosa Figwort = scrophularia nodosa Filipendula hexapetala = filipendula vulgaris Fireweed = epilobium angustifolium Firewort = hypericum Flag = iris Flax = linum usitatissimum Fleabane = erigeron syn. conyza Fleabane, little = erigeron canadensis syn. conyza canadensis Fleabane, small = pulicaria Fluellen = kickxia Forget me not = myosotis Foxglove = digitalis Frangula alnus = rhamnus frangula Frittilary = fritillaria meleagris Frostweed = helianthemum nummularium syn. h. vulgare & h. chamaecistus Fumitory = fumaria officinalis Garlic, field = allium oleraceum Garlic, wood = allium ursinum Gean = prunus avium Gentian = gentiana (note some gentians have been reclassified as gentianella) Gentian, marsh = gentiana pneumonanthe Gentian, spring = gentiana verna Gentian, yellow = gentiana lutea Gentian, white = laserpitium latifolium Germander = teucrium chamaedrys Germander speedwell = veronica chamaedrys Germander, wood = teucrium scorodonia Gipsywort = lycopus europaeus Glasswort = salicornia or salsola Globe flower = trollius europaeus Goat's beard = tragopogon Goat's leaf = lonicera Goat's rue = galega officinalis Goatweed = aegopodium Goldenrod = solidago Gooseberry = ribes uva-crispa Goosefoot = chenopodium Gorse = ulex europaeus Goutweed = aegopodium Grass, alkali = puccinella Grass, arrow = triglochin Grass, blue eyed = sisyrinchium Grass, cord = spartina townsendii Grass, cotton = eriophorum Grass, deer = scirpus Grass, eel = zostera Grass, hair = deschampsia syn. aira Grass, lime = lolium perenne Grass, meadow = poa Grass, meadow chalk = helictotrichon Grass, meadowsoft = holcus lanatus Grass, moor = molinia Grass, oat = arrhenatherum Grass, orchard = dactylis Grass, perennial rye = lolium perenne Grass, ray = lolium perenne Grass, red rattle = pedicularis Grass, reed = phragmites Grass, scurvy = cochlearia Grass, surf = phyllospadix Grass, sweet vernal = anthoxanthum odoratum Grass, viper's = scorzonera humilis Grass, wheat = agropyron Grass, whitlow = draba Grass, yellow oat = trisetum Gromwell = lithopermum Groundsel = senecio Guelder rose = viburnum opulus Hair grass = deschampsia syn aira Hard fern = blechnum spicant Harebell = campanula rotundifolia Harebell = endymion non-scriptus syn. scilla non-scriptus & hyacinthoides non-scriptus Hare's ear = bupleaurum Hare's tail cotton sedge = eriophorum Hawkbit = leontodon Hawk's beard = crepis *Hawkweed = hieracium Hawkweed = pieris Hawthorn = crataegus Hazelnut = corylus avellana Heartfree = knautia arvensis Heartsease = viola tricolor Heath = erica Heath, blue = phyllodoce Heath, sea = frankenia laevis Heather = calluna vulgaris Hedge parsley = torilis Hellebore = helleborus Helleborine = epipactis Hemlock, spotted = conium maculatum Hemlock, water = sium latifolium Henbane = hyoscyamus niger Herb Bennett = geum urbanum Herb Christopher = actaea spicata Herb Paris = paris quadrifolia Herb Peter = primula veris Herb Robert = geranium robertianum Holly = ilex Holly, knee = ruscus aculeatus Holly, sea = eryngium maritimum Honeysuckle = lonicera Hop = humulus lupulus Hop, wild = bryonia dioica Horehound = marrubium vulgare Horehound, black = ballota nigra Horehound, water = lycopus europaeus Hornbeam = carpinus betulus Horsetail = equisetum Hound's tongue = cynoglossum Hound's tree = cornus sanguinea syn. thelycrania sanguinea Huckleberry = vaccinium myrtillus Hyacinth = scilla hyacinthoides Hyacinth, tassel = muscari atlanticum Hyacinthoides non-scriptus = endymion non-scriptus Hyacinth, wood = endymion non-scriptus Iris = iris Ivy = hedera Ivy broomrape = orobanche hederacea Ivy, ground = glechoma hederacea Ivywort = cymbalaria muralis Jacob's ladder = polemonium caeruleum Joy of the ground = vinca Junegrass = koeleria Juniper = juniperus Kale = brassica oleracea Kale, sea = crambe maritima Kelp, short = alaria, costaria or lessoniopsis Kidney vetch = anthyllis vulneraria Knapweed = centaurea nigraea Knapweed, greater = centaurea scabiosa Knotgrass = polygonum Lady's bedstraw = galium verum Lady's fern = athyrium Lady's mantle = alchemilla vulgaris Lady's seal = polygonatum odoratum syn. p. officinale Lady's slipper = cypripedium calceolus Lady's tresses = spiranthes Lady's tresses, creeping = goodyera Lamb's ears = stachys byzantina syn s. lanata Lamb's lettuce = valerianella locusta Lamb's tongue = plantago media Laurel spurge = Daphne laureola Lavender, sea = limonium Leek, sand = allium scorodoprasum Leek, wild = allium ampeloprasum Lettuce = lactuca sativa Lettuce, lamb's = valarianella locusta Lettuce, sea = ulva Lichen = xanthoria, alectoria, candelaria, ramalina, stereocaulon or cornicularia Lichen, dogtooth = peltigera Lichen, cup = cladonia Lichen, flat = parmelia or stereocaulon Lichen, old man's beard = usnea Lichen, shield = cetraria Lichen, tree = sticta or usnea Lichen, yellow = evernia Lichen, wolf = letharia Lichwort = parietaria diffusa syn. p. judaica Licorice fern = polypodium Licoriceroot = ligusticum scoticum Lily, fringed water = nymphoides Lily of the valley = convallaria majalis Lily, yellow water = nuphar lutea Lily, white water = nymphaea alba Lime = tilia cordata Linaria cymbalaria = cymbalaria muralis Linden = tilia cordata Linen = fabric woven from flax Linseed oil = oil from flax seed Littleseed = phalaris arundinacea Liverwort = conocephalum or bazzania Loosestrife, purple = lythrum salicaria Loosestrife, yellow = lysimachia vulgaris Lousewort = pedicularis foliosa Lovage, bastard = laserpitium latifolium *Lovage, Scot's = ligusticum scoticum Lungwort = pulmonaria officinalis Madder, wild = rubia peregrina Mallow, common = malva sylvestris Mallow, dwarf = malva neglecta Mallow, marsh = althaea officinalis Mallow, musk = malva moschata Mallow, tree sea = lavatera Malva = malva neglecta Maple = acer Marguerite = chrysanthemum leucanthemum Marigold, bur = bidens Marigold, marsh = caltha palustris Marigold, pot = calendula officinalis Marsh foxtail = alopecurus Marshmallow = althaea officinalis Marjoram = origanum majorana (sometimes o. vulgare as well) Masterwort = angelica May lily = convallaria majalis May lily, false = maianthemum Mayweed, scented = matricaria recutita Mayweed, stinking = anthemis cotula Meadow chalk grass = helictotrichon Meadow grass = poa Meadow-rue = thalictrum flavum Meadowsweet = filipendula ulmaria Medick = medicago Melilot = melilotus Mercury = chenopodium bonus henricus Mezereon = daphne mezereum Mignonette = reseda odorata Mignonette, corn = reseda phyteuma Mignonette, wild = reseda lutea Milfoil = achillea millifolium Milfoil, water = myriophyllum Milkflower = galanthus Milkvetch = astragalus Milkvetch, mountain = oxytropis Milkwort = polygala Milkwort, sea = glaux maritima Millet, foxtail = setaria Mint = mentha Mistletoe = viscum album Monkshood = aconitum Moondaisy = chrysanthemum leucanthemum Moonwort = botrychium Moor grass = molinia Moss = rhytidiadelphus, aulacomnium, barbula, bryum, Antitrichia, octoblephorum, hylocomium, or mnium Moss, black = alectoria Moss, black tree = alectoria Moss, club = lycopodium or huperzia Moss, hair = polytrichum Moss, hair cap = plagiomnium Moss, maidenhair = alectoria Moss, peat = sphagnum Moss, wood = dicranum Mother's heart = capsella bursa-pastoris Mouse ears = cerastium Mousetail = myosurus Mountain ash = sorbus Mountain-everlasting = antennaria Mudwort = limosella Mugwort = artemisia vulgaris Mullein = verbascum Mushroom, hedgehog = dentinum Mushroom, orange peel = peziza Mushroom, oyster = pleurotus Mushroom, timber = boletus Muskatel = adoxa Mustard, black = brassica nigra Mustard, garlic = alliaria petiolata Mustard, hedge = sisymbrium officinale Mustard, tansy = descurania sophia Mustard, treacle = erysimum cheiranthoides Mustard, white = brassica juncea *Mustard, white = sinapsis alba Narcissus = narcissus Nardus = nardus Nettle = urtica dioica Nettle, dead = lamium Nettle, hemp = galeopsis Nightshade, black = solanum nigrum Nightshade, deadly = atropa belladonna Nightshade, enchanter's = circaea Nightshade, woody = solanum dulcamara Oak = quercus Oak fern = gymnocarpium dryopteris Oat = avena Oatgrass = arrhenatherum Oatgrass, yellow = trisetum Ofbit = succisa pratensis syn. scabiosa succisa One berry = paris quadrifolia Oniongrass = melica Onion, Welsh = allium fistulosum Onion, wild = allium rineale Orach = atriplex Orchid = orchis, dactylorhiza or ophyrs Orchid, bee = ophrys apifera Orchid, fen = liparis Orchid, fly = ophrys insectifara Orchid, fragrant = habaneria syn gymnadenia Orchid, frog = coeloglossum Oregano = origanum vulgare Oxlip = primula elatior Oxtongue = pieris Oyster plant = mertensia Paris = paris quadrifolia Parsley = petroselinum Parsley, cow = anthriscus sylvestris Parsley, dog = aethusa cynapium Parsley, fool's = aethusa cynapium Parsley, hedge = torilis Parsley, poison = conium maculatum Parsley, stag = smyrnium Parsley, stone = sison amonum Parsnip = pastinaca sativa Parsnip, greater water = sium latifolium Parsnip, lesser water = berula Parsnip, wild = angelica Pasque flower = anemone pulsatilla syn. pulsatilla vulgaris Pennyroyal = mentha pulegium Pennywort = cymbalaria muralis syn. linaria cymbalaria Pennywort, marsh = hydrocotyle vulgaris Pepper, wall = sedum acre Peppergrass = lepidium sativum Periwinkle = vinca Pheasant's Eye = adonis aestivalis Phragmites communis = phragmites australis Pillwort = pilularia Pimpernel, scarlet = anagallis Pine, Scot's or scotch = pinus sylvestris Pinks = dianthus Pipewort = eriocaulon Plantain = plantago major Plantain, greater water = alisma plantago-aquatica Plume fern = matteuccia Polygonatum officinale = polygonatum odoratum Pondscum = spirogyra Pondweed = potamogeton Poolroot = sanicula Poplar = populus Poppy = papaver Poppy, long headed = papaver dubium Poppy, prickly = papaver argemone Poppy, Welsh = meconopsis cambrica Poolroot = sanicula europaea Prickwood = euonymus europaea Primrose = primula vulgaris Primrose, bird's eye = primula farinosa Privet = ligustrum Puffball = lycoperdon Pulsatilla vulgaris = syn anemone pulsatilla Purslane = portulaca oleracea Purslane, water = ludwigia palustris Purslane, winter = montia Pussy toes = antennaria Queen Anne's lace = daucus carota Quickbeam = sorbus Quickset = crataegus Quinsywort = asperula cynanchica Radish = raphanus Ragwort = senecio Ramsons = allium ursinum Raspberry = rubus idaeus Rattle = rhinanthus Red rattle grass = pedicularis Reed grass = phragmites Reedmace = typha Reed, sand = ammophila Restharrow = ononis Resurrection fern = pleopeltis Rock brake = cryptogramma Rock bramble = rubus saxatilis Rockcress = arabis Rockrose = helianthemum nummularium Rocket, blue = aconitum Rocket, dyer's = reseda luteola Rosa rubiginosa = rosa eglanteria Rosebay = rhododendron Rose, dog = rosa canina Rose elder = viburnum opulus Rose, French = rosa gallica Rose, guelder = viburnum opulus Roseroot = sedum roseum Rowan = sorbus aucuparia Rue, meadow = thalictrum flavum Rue, meadow lesser = thalictrum minus Rush = juncus effusus Rush, flowering = butomus Rush, rannoch = scheuchzeria Rush, wood = luzula Rupturewort = herniaria glabra Rye, wild = elymus arenarius Saffron, autumn = colchicum autumnale Saffron, meadow = colchicum autumnale Sage, wood = teucrium scorodonia Sainfoin = onobrychis viciifolia St. John's wort = hypericum St. Mary's thistle = silybum marianum Sallowthorn = hippophae rhamnoides Salmonberry = rubus chamaemorus Salvia horminum = salvia viridis Samphire = crithmum maritimum Sand reed = ammophila Sandwort = arenaria Sandwort, sea = honkenya Sanguisorba minor = poterium sanguisorba Sanguinary = achillea millifolium Sanicle = sanicula europaea Satureja grandiflora = calamintha grandiflora Savory, mint = calamintha grandiflora Savory, summer = satureja hortensis Savory, winter = satureja montana Saxifrage = saxifraga Scabious, field = knautia arvensis Scabious, lesser = scabiosa columbaria Scabiosa succisa = succisa pratensis Scarlet pimpernel = anagallis arvensis Scilla non-scriptus = endymion non-scriptus Scot's (or scotch) broom = cytisus scoparius Scot's (or scotch) lovage = ligusticum scoticum Scot's (or scotch) pine = pinus sylvestris Scot's (or scotch) thistle = onopordum acanthium Scurvy grass = cochlearia Sea blite = suaeda Sea buckthorn = hippophae rhamnoides Sea couch = agropyron Sea fennel = crithmum maritimum Sea green = stratiotes aloides Sea holly = eryngium maritimum Sea lavender = limonium Sea lettuce = ulva Sea milkwort = glaux maritima Seaweed = postelsia (sea palm) or porphyra Seaweed, bladder = halosaccion Seaweed, bubble = leathesia Seawrack = fucus or zostera Sedge = carex Selfheal = prunella vulgaris Sensitive fern = onoclea Sermountain = laserpitium latifolium Shamrock = trifolium repens Shavegrass = equisetum Shavegrass, female = hippuris vulgaris Sheep's bit = jasione montana Shepherd's needle = scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's purse = capsella bursa-pastoris Shield fern = polystichum Shoreweed = littorella Sicklewort = ajuga Sidebells = orthilia Silene = silene Silverweed = impatiens Skewerwood = euonymus europaea Skullcap = scutellaria Slipperweed = impatiens Sloe = prunus spinosa Sneezewort = achillea ptarmica Snowdrop = galanthus Snow Rose = rhododendron Soapwort = saponaria officinalis Solomon's seal = polygonatum odoratum syn. p. officinale Solomon's seal, great = polygonatum commutatum Sorrel, mountain = oxyria digyna Sorrel, buckle leaf = rumex scutatus Sorrel, common = rumex acetosa Sorrel, French = rumex scutatus Sorrel, wood = oxalis acetosella Sow thistle = sonchus Sow-wort = saussurea Speedwell = veronica Speedwell, germander = veronica chamaedrys Spikenard = inula Spinach = spinacea oleracea Spindle tree = euonymus europaea Spleenwort = asplenium Spoonwort = cochlearia Spurge, caper = euphorbia lathyrus Spurge, laurel = daphne laureola Spurry = spergula Squill = scilla Stachys betonica = stachys officinalis Staggerweed = corydalis cleviculata Starchwort = arum maculatum Staunchweed = achillea Sticklewort = agrimonia eupatoria Stitchwort = oxyria Stitchwort = stellaria Stickwort = oxyria Stonecrop = sedum Stork's bill = erodium Strawberry = fragaria vesca Sundew = drosera Surfgrass = plyllospadix Sweetgale = myrica gale Sweetgrass = catabrosa Sweetgrass, floating = glyceria fluitans Sweet vernal = adonis Sweet vernal grass = anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet woodruff = galium odorata Tanacetum parthenium = chrysanthemum parthenium Tansy = tanacetum vulgare syn. chrysanthemum vulgare Tasselweed = ruppia Teasel, wild = dipsacus fullonum Thalecress = arabidopsis Thistle = carlina acanthifolia Thistle, carline = carlina acaulis syn. c. vulgaris Thistle, cotton = onopordum acanthium Thistle, creeping = cirsium arvense Thistle, marsh = cirsium palustre Thistle, meadow = cirsium dissectum Thistle, melancholy = cirsium heterophyllum Thistle, milk = silybum marianum Thistle, musk = carduus nutans Thistle, red star = centaurea calcitropa Thistle, slender = carduus tenuiflorus Thistle, snow = thlaspi Thistle, spear = cirsium vulgare Thistle, St. Mary's silybum marianum syn. carduus marianus Thistle, Scot's (or scotch) = onopordum acanthium Thistle, welted = carduus acanthoides Thistle, wooly = cirsium eriophorum Thornapple = datura stramonium Throatwort = scrophularia Thyme, cat = teucrium chamaedrys Thyme, common = thymus vulgaris Thyme, creeping = thymus serphyllum Thyme, English or French = thymus vulgaris Thyme, garden = thymus vulgaris *Thyme, wild = thymus pulegioides Thyme, wild = acinos, calamintha and clinopodium Toadflax = linaria vulgaris Toadflax, ivy = cymbalaria muralis Traveler's joy = clematis vitalba Tree sea mallow = lavatera Turnip, wild = brassica rapa Tutsan = hypericum androsaemum Twinflower = linnaea Valerian = valeriana officinalis Vervain = verbena officinalis Vetch = vicia Vine, wild = bryonia dioica Violet = viola Violet, water = hottonia palustris Viper's bugloss = echium vulgare Wake robin = arum maculatum Walking fern = asplenium Wall pepper = sedum acre Waterweed = elodea Weasel's snout = antirrhinum orontium Weld = reseda luteola Wheat = triticum Wheat grass = agropyron Wheat, strand = lolium perenne Whitethorn = crataegus Whitlowgrass = draba Whorlgrass, water = catabrosa Whortleberry = vaccinium myrtillus Wild rye = elymus arenarius Wild vine = bryonia Willow = salix Willowherb = epilobium angustifolium syn chamaenerion angustifolium Windflower = anemone nemorosa Wintergreen = pyrola Wintergreen, one flower = moneses Woodrush = luzula Woodruff = galium odorata Wood sage = teucrium Wood sorrel = oxalis acetosella Wood waxen = genista Wormseed = erysimum cheiranthoides Wormwood = artemisia absinthium Woundwort = achillea Woundwort = anthyllis vulneraria *Woundwort, downy = stachys germanica Yarrow = achillea millefolium Yellow star = gagea Yew = taxus baccata CROSS INDEX BOTANICAL TO COMMON Acer (maple) Achillea (sanguinary, *staunchweed, woundwort, yarrow, milfoil) A. ptarmica (sneezewort) A. millefolium (yarrow) Acinos thymoides (*calamint, wild thyme) syn Calmintha acinos & Satureja acinos) Aconitum (aconite, monkshood, *blue rocket) Actaea (baneberry) Adonis (sweet vernal, pheasant's eye) Adoxa (muskatel, musk) Aegopodium (ashweed, bullwort, ground elder, goatweed, goutweed) Aethusa (dog parsley, fool's parsley) Agrimonia (agrimony, sticklewort) Agropyron (couch grass, dog's grass, wheat grass, sea couch) Agrostemma (campion, corn cockle) Agrostis (bent grass) Ajuga (sicklewort, bugle) Alaria (short kelp) Alchemilla (bear's foot, lady's mantle) Alectoria (lichen, black or black tree moss, maidenhair moss) Alisma (mad dog weed, greater water plantain) Alliaria (garlic mustard) Allium A. scorodoprasum (sand leek) A. ampeloprasum (wild leek) A. fistulosum (Welsh onion) A. rinceoa (wild onion) A. schoenoprasum (chives) A. tuberosum (garlic chives) A. oleraceum (field garlic) A. ursinum (wood garlic, ramsons) Alnus (alder) Alopecurus (marsh foxtail) Althaea (marshmallow) Amanita (agaric, fly) Ammophila (sand reed) Anagallis (chaffweed, scarlet pimpernel) Anchusa (alkanet, dyer's bugloss, bugloss) Andromeda (bog rosemary) Anemone A. pulsatilla (pasque flower) syn Pulsatilla vulgaris A. nemorosa (windflower) Angelica (angelica, masterwort, wild parsnip) Antennaria (cat's foot, mountain everlasting, pussy toes) Anthemis A. arvensis (corn chamomile) A. cotula (stinking chamomile or stinking mayweed) Anthoxanthum (sweet vernal grass) Anthriscus (wild chervil, cow parsley) Anthyllis (kidney vetch, woundwort) Antirrhinum (weasel's snout) Antitrichia (moss) Apium (celery) Aquilegia (columbine) Arabidopsis (thalecress) Arabis (rock cress) Arctium (great burdock) Arctostaphylos (bearberry) Arenaria (sandwort) Arrhenatherum (oat grass) Artemisia A. absinthium (wormwood) A. vulgaris (mugwort) Arum (cuckoo pint, starchwort, wake robin) Asparagus (asparagus) Asperula (quinsywort) Asplenium (female fern, walking fern, spleenwort) Aster (aster) Astragalus (milkvetch) Athyrium (lady's fern) Atriplex (orach) Atropa belladonna (dwayberry, deadly nightshade) Aulacomnium (moss) Avena (oat) Ballota (black horehound) Barbarea (upland cress) Barbula (moss) Bazzania (liverwort) Bellis (bairnwort, bruisewort, English daisy) Berula (lesser water parsnip) Beta vulgaris (chard) syn B. maritima Betula (birch) Bidens bur marigold) Blechnum (deer fern, hard fern) Boletus (timber mushroom) Botrychium (moonwort) Brassica oleracea (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Cole) B. nigra (black mustard) B. juncea (white mustard) B. rapa (wild turnip) Bromus (brome, brome grass, chess) Bryonia (wild hop, wild vine) Bryum (moss) Bupleurum (hare's ear) Butomus (flowering rush) Buxus (box) Calamagrostis (blue joint) Calamintha sylvatica (calamint) C. grandiflora (calamint, mint savory) syn Satureja grandiflora C. nepeta (calamint) syn Clinopodium nepeta & Satureja calamintha Calendula (pot marigold) Calluna (heather) Caltha palustris (marsh marigold) Calystegia (hedge bindweed) Campanula (bell flower) C. rotundifolia (harebell) Candelaria (lichen) Capsella (mother's heart, shepherd's needle) Cardamine (bittercress) Carduus (bear's throat) C. acanthoides (welted thistle) C. nutans (musk thistle) C. tenuiflorus (slender thistle) Carex (sedge) Carlina acaulis (boar's throat, carline thistle) syn Cirsium acaulon & Carlina vulgaris C. acanthifolia (thistle) Carpinus (hornbeam) Carum (caraway) Catabrosa (sweetgrass, water whorl grass) Centaurea cyanus (bluebow, cornflower) C. scabiosa (bullweed) C. calcitropa (red star thistle) C. nigraea (knapweed) C.scabiosa (great knapweed) Centaurium common centaury, feverwort) Cerastium (mouse ears) Cetraria (shield lichen) Chaerophyllum (rough chervil) Chamaemelum (Roman chamomile) Chelidonium (greater celandine) Chenopodium (goosefoot) C. bonus henricus (mercury) Chondrus (algae, carragheen) Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (oxeye daisy, marguerite, moondaisy) C. parthenium (featherfew, featherfoil, feverfew) syn Tanacetum parthenium Cichorium (chicory) Cicuta (cowbane) Circaea (enchanter's nightshade) Cirsium C. palustre (marsh thistle) C. dissectum (meadow thistle) C. arvense (creeping thistle) C. eriophorum (woolly thistle) C. heterophyllum (melancholy thistle) C. vulgare (spear thistle) Cladonia (cup lichen) Claviceps purpurea (fungus) Clematis vitalba (traveler's joy) Clinopodium vulgare (dog mint) syn. Calamintha clinopodium & Calamintha vulgaris Cochlearia (scurvy grass, spoonwort) Coeloglossum (frog orchid) Colchicum autumnale (autumn or meadow saffron) Conium (spotted hemlock, poison parsley) Conocephalum (liverwort) Convallaria (lily of the valley, May lily) Convolvulus (bearwind, bindweed) Corallorhiza (coralroot) Cornicularia (lichen) Cornus sanguinea (dogwood, dogberry, hound's tree) syn Thelycrania sanguinea Corydalis (staggerweed) Corylus (hazelnut) Costaria (short kelp) Crambe (sea kale) Crataegus (hawthorn, quickset, whitethorn) Crepis (hawk's beard) Crithmum (sea fennel, samphire) Cryptogramma (rock brake) Cuscuta (dodder) Cymbalaria muralis (ivywort, pennywort, ivy toadflax) syn Linaria cymbalaria Cynoglossum (hound's tongue) Cynosurus (crested dog's tail) Cypripedium (lady's slipper) Cytisus scoparius (Scot's or scotch broom) Cystopteris (bladder fern) Dactylis (cock's foot, orchard grass) Dactylorhiza (orchid) Daphne laureola (laurel spurge) Datura (thornapple) Daucus (bee's nest, bird's nest, Queen Anne's lace) Dentinum (hedgehog mushroom) Deschampsia (hair grass) syn Aira Descurania (tansy mustard) Dianthus (pinks) Dicranum (wood moss) Digitalis (foxglove) Dipsacus fullonum (wild teasel) Draba (whitlow grass) Drosera (sundew) Dryas (mountain avens) Dryopteris filix-mas (male fern) Echium (viper's bugloss) Elodea (waterweed) Elymus (wild rye) Empetrum (crowberry) Endymion non-scriptus (bluebell, harebell, wood hyacinth) syn Scilla non-scriptus & Hyacinthoides non-scriptus Enteromorpha (tubular green algae) Epilobium angustifolium (fireweed) syn Chamaenerion Epipactis (helleborine) Equisetum (shavegrass, horsetail) Erica (heath) Erigeron (fleabane) E. canadensis (little fleabane) syn Conyza canadensis Eriocaulon (pipewort) Eriophorum (cotton grass, hare's tail cotton sedge) Erodium (stork's bill) Eryngium (sea holly) Erysimum cheiranthoides (treacle mustard, wormseed) Euonymus (prickwood, skewerwood, spindle tree) Eupatorium (hemp agrimony) Euphorbia lathyrus (caper spurge) Euphrasia (eyebright) Evernia (yellow lichen) Fagus (beech) Festuca (fescue) Filipendula vulgaris (dropwort) syn F. hexapetala F. ulmaria (meadowsweet) Foeniculum (fennel, bronze or sweet) Fragaria (strawberry) Frankenia (sea heath) Fraxinus (ash) Fritillaria (fritillary) Fucus (bladderwrack, driftweed, seawrack) Fumaria (earth-smoke, fumitory) Gagea (yellow star) Galanthus (milkflower, snowdrop) Galega (goat's rue) Galeopsis (brittlestem, hemp nettle) Galium verum (lady's bedstraw, bedstraw) G. odorata (sweet woodruff, woodruff) Genista tinctoria (wood waxen, woad waxen, dyer's greenwood, dyer's broom) Gentiana (bitteroot) G. pneumonanthe (marsh gentian) G. verna (spring gentian) G. lutea (yellow gentian) Gentianella amarella (autumn gentian) G. angelica (early gentian) G. germanica (chiltern gentian) G. campestris (field gentian) Geranium (crane's bill) Geum rivale (water avens) G. urbanum (wood avens) Glaux maritima (sea milkwort) Glechoma (ground ivy) Glyceria (floating sweetgrass) Gnaphalium (cudweed) Goodyera (creeping lady's tresses) Gymnocarpium (oak fern) Habenaria (fragrant orchid) syn Gymnadenia Halosaccion (bladder seaweed) Hedera (ivy) Hedophyllum (algae) Helianthemum nummularium (frostweed, rockrose) syn H. vulgare & H. chamaecistus Helictotrichon (meadow chalk grass) Helleborus (hellebore) Heracleum (boarweed) Herniaria (rupturewort) Hieracium (*hawkweed) Hippophae (sea buckthorn, sallowthorn) Hippuris (female shavegrass) Holcus (meadow softgrass) Honkenya (sea sandwort) Hordeum (barley) Hottonia (featherfoil, water violet) Humulus (hop) Huperzia (club moss) Hydrocotyle (marsh pennywort) Hylocomium (moss) Hyoscyamus (boar's bean, henbane) Hypericum (firewort) Iberis (candytuft, wild) Ilex (holly) Impatiens (wild balsam, silverweed, slipperweed) Inula (elecampane, spikenard) Iris (flag) Jasione (sheep's bit) Juncus (rush) Juniperus (juniper) Kickxia (fluellen) Knautia (heartfree, field scabiosa) Koeleria (junegrass) Lactuca (lettuce) Laminaria (algae) Lamium (dead nettle) Laserpitium (white gentian, bastard lovage, sermountain) Lathyrus (bittervetch) Lavatera (tree sea mallow) Leathesia (bubble seaweed) Lemna (duckweed) Leontodon (hawkbit) Lepidium (garden cress, peppercress) Lessoniopsis (short kelp) Letharia (wolf lichen) Ligusticum (licoriceroot) *L. scoticum (Scot's lovage) Ligustrum (privet) Limonium (sea lavender) Limosella (mudwort) Linaria (toadflax) Linnaea (twinflower) Linum usitatissimum (linen, flax) Liparis (fen orchid) Lithospermum (gromwell) Littorella (shoreweed) Lobelia (bladderpod) Lolium (strand wheat; perennial rye, ray or lime grass) Lonicera (goat's leaf, honeysuckle) Lotus (bird's foot trefoil, deervetch) Ludwigia (water purslane) Luzula (woodrush) Lychnis (catchfly) Lycoperdon (puffball) Lycopodium (club moss) Lycopus (water horehound, gipsywort) Lysimachia vulgaris (yellow loosestrife) Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) Maianthemum (false May lily, beadberry) Malus sylvestris (crabapple) M. domestica (apple) Malva sylvestris (common mallow) M. neglecta (malva, dwarf mallow) M. moschata (musk mallow Marrubium (horehound) Matricaria (scented mayweed, German chamomile) Matteuccia (plume fern, ostrich fern) Meconopsis cambrica (Welsh poppy) Medicago (alfalfa, medick) Melampyrum (cow wheat) Melica (onion grass) Melilotus (sweet clover, melilot) Melissa (balm, lemon balm) Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) M. aquatica (watermint) M. arvensis (corn mint) Menyanthes (bogbean, buckbean) Mercurialis (dog's cole) Mertensia (oyster plant) Mnium (moss) Molinia (moor grass) Moneses (one flower wintergreen) Monotropa (yellow bird's nest) Montia (winter purslane) Muscari (bluebell, blue spike, tassel hyacinth) Myosotis (forget me not) Myosurus (mousetail) Myrica (sweetgale, bog myrtle) Myriophyllum (water milfoil) Myrrhis (sweet cicely) Narcissus (narcissus) Nardus (nardus) Narthecium (bog asphodel) Nasturtium officinale (watercress) syn Rorippa Nepeta (catnip, catmint) Nuphar lutea (yellow waterlily) Nymphaea alba (white waterlily) Nymphoides (fringed waterlily) Octoblephorum (moss) Oenanthe (water dropwort) Onobrychis (holy clover) Onoclea (sensitive fern) Ononis (restharrow) Onopordum acanthium (Scot's thistle, cotton thistle) Ophrys insectifara (fly orchid) O. apifera (bee orchid) Orchis (orchid) Origanum (marjoram, oregano) Ornithogalum (bird's milkflower, bath asparagus) Orobanche (broomrape) Orthilia (sidebells) Oxalis (wood sorrel) Oxyria (mountain sorrel, stitchwort, stickwort) Oxytropis (mountain milkvetch) Panaeolus (mushroom) Papaver dubium (poppy, long headed) P. argemone (prickly poppy) Parietaria diffusa (lichwort) syn P. judaica Paris (one-berry, Paris) Parmelia (flat lichen) Pastinaca (parsnip) Pedicularis (red rattle grass, lousewort) Peltigera (dogtooth lichen) Petasites (butter bur, boghorn) Petroselinum (parsley) Peucedanum (boar's fennel) Peziza (orange peel mushroom) Phalaris (littleseed) Phegopteris (long beech fern) Phleum (cat's tail) Phragmites (reedgrass) Phyllodoce (blue heath) Phyllospadix (surf grass) Pieris (oxtongue, hawkweed) Pilularia (pillwort) Pimpinella major (greater burnet) Pinguicula (butterwort, buttonwort) Pinus sylvestris (Scot's pine) Plagiomnium (hair cap moss) Plantago media (lamb's tongue) P. major (plantain) Pleopeltis (resurrection fern) Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) Poa (meadow grass) Polemonium (charity, Jacob's ladder) Polygala (milkwort) Polygonatum (lady's or Solomon's seal) syn P. officinale Polygonum (knotgrass, bistort) Polypodium glycyrrhiza (licorice fern) Polystichum (shield fern) Polytrichum (hair moss) Populus (poplar, aspen) Porphyra (seaweed) Postelsia (seaweed, sea palm) Potamogeton (pondweed) Potentilla (cinquefoil) Poterium sanguisorba (burnet, garden or salad burnet) syn Sanguisorba minor P. polyganum (fodder burnet) Primula veris (cowslip) P. vulgaris (primrose) P. elatior (oxlip) P. farinosa (bird's eye primrose) Prunella (selfheal) Prunus spinosa (blackthorn, sloe) P. padus (bird cherry) P. avium (wild cherry, gean) Psilocybe (mushroom) Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) Puccinella (alkali grass) Pulicaria (small fleabane) Pulmonaria (lungwort) Pyrola (wintergreen) Quercus (oak) Radiola (allseed) Ramalina (lichen) Ranunculus acris (meadow buttercup) Raphanus (radish) Reseda luteola (dyer's rocket, weld) R. odorata (mignonette) R. phyteuma (corn mignonette) R. lutea (wild mignonette) Rhamnus cathartica (buckthorn) R. frangula (alder buckthorn) Rhinanthus (rattle) Rhododendron (rosebay, snow rose) Rhodymenia (algae) Rhytidiadelphus (moss) Ribes (currant) Rorippa (yellow cress) Rosa eglanteria (sweet briar) R. canina (dog rose) R. gallica (French rose) Rubia peregrina (wild madder) Rubus laciniatus (blackberry) syn r. fruticosus R. idaeus (raspberry) R. saxatilis (rock bramble) R. dumetorum (dewberry) R. chamaemorus (cloudberry, salmonberry) Rumex sanguisorba (dock, bloodwort) R. acetosa (common sorrel) R. scutatus (French or buckle leaf sorrel) Ruppia (tasselweed) Ruscus aculeatus (knee holly, butchers or sweet broom) Sagittaria (arrowhead) Salicornia (glasswort) Salix (willow) Salsola (glasswort) Salvia pratensis (meadow clary) S. viridis (wild clary) syn S. horminum S. verticillata (whorled clary) Sambucus (elder) Sanguisorba officinalis (great burnet, burnet bloodwort) Sanicula (poolroot, sanicle) Saponaria (soapwort) Saussurea (sow-wort) Saxifraga (saxifrage) Scabiosa columbaria (lesser scabious, pincushion flower) Scandix (shepherd's needle) Scheuchzeria (rannoch rush) Scilla hyacinthoides (hyacinth, squill) Scirpus (deergrass) Scorzonera (viper's grass) Scrophularia nodosa (fiddlewood, fiddlewort, throatwort) Scutellaria (skullcap) Sedum (stonecrop) S. acre (wall pepper) S. roseum (roseroot) Senecio (ragwort, groundsel) Setaria (foxtail millet) Silene (silene) Silybum marianum (milk thistle) syn Carduus marianus Sinapsis (white mustard) Sison amonum (stone parsley) Sisymbrium (hedge mustard) Sisyrinchium (blue eyed grass) Sium latifolium (water hemlock, greater water parsnip) Smyrnium (black potherb, stag parsley, Alexander's) Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet, woody nightshade) S. nigrum (black nightshade) Solidago (golden rod) Sonchus (sow thistle) Sorbus (mountain ash, quickbeam, rowan) Sparganium (bur reed) Spartina (cord grass) Spergula (spurry) Sphagnum (peat moss) Spinacea oleracea (spinach) Spiranthes (lady's tresses) Spirogyra (pondscum) Stachys byzantina (woolly betony, lamb's ears) syn S. lanata S. officinalis (betony) syn Betonica officinalis & Stachys betonica S. germanica (downy woundwort) Stellaria (chickweed, * stitchwort) Stereocaulon (lichen) Sticta (tree lichen) Stratiotes (sea green) Suaeda (sea blite) Succisa pratensis (devil's bit, ofbit) syn Scabiosa succisa Symphytum officinale (blackwort, boneset, bruisewort, comfrey) Tanacetum vulgare (tansy) syn Chrysanthemum vulgare Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) Taxus baccata (yew) Teucrium chamaedrys (cat thyme, germander) T. scorodonia (wood germander, wood sage) Thalictrum flavum (meadow rue) T. minus (lesser meadow rue) Thelypteris (maiden fern) Thlaspi (snow thistle, penny cress) Thymus serphyllum (creeping thyme) T. vulgaris (common, French or English thyme) T. pulegioides (wild thyme) Tilia (linden, lime) Tofieldia (false asphodel) Torilis (hedge parsley) Tragopogon (goat's beard) Trentopohlia (algae) Trientalis (wintergreen chickweed) Trifolium pratense (red clover) T. repens (white clover, shamrock) Triglochin (arrow grass) Trisetum (yellow oat grass) Triticum (wheat) [T. monococcum = Einkorn] Trollius (globe flower) Tussilago farfara (bull's foot) Typha (reedmace, cattail) Ulex (gorse) Ulmus (elm) Ulva (sea lettuce) Urtica (nettle) Usnea (tree lichen) Vaccinium uliginosum (bilberry) V. myrtillus (whortleberry) V. vitis-idaea (cowberry) V. oxycoccus (cranberry) Valeriana (valerian) Valerianella locusta (lamb's lettuce) Verbascum (mullein) Verbena (vervain) Veronica (speedwell) V. chamaedrys (germander speedwell) Viburnum opulus (rose elder, guelder rose) Vicia (vetch) Vinca (joy of the ground, periwinkle) Viola (violet) V. tricolor (heartsease) Viscum album (mistletoe) Vulpia (six weeks fescue) Woodsia (cliff fern) Xanthoria (lichen) Zostera (eelgrass)